Occupational Exposure Duration and Declining Peak Expiratory Flow Among Traditional Compressor Divers

Authors

  • Arfiyan Sukmadi Universitas Halu Oleo
  • Arwan Arif Rahman Universitas Halu Oleo

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51143/jksi.v11i1.1150

Keywords:

Occupational Health Peak Expiratory Flow Pulmonary Function Traditional Divers Work Duration

Abstract

Despite the widespread practice of traditional compressor-assisted diving in coastal Indonesia, evidence regarding its impact on pulmonary function remains limited. This cross-sectional study examined the association between occupational exposure duration and Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) among 57 male traditional divers in Southeast Sulawesi. Using a standardized peak flow meter and structured questionnaires, the study found a mean PEF of 472.61 ± 90.55 L/min. Simple linear regression demonstrated a significant negative association (B = -3.99; p = 0.033), indicating that each additional year of diving decreases PEF by an average of 3.99 L/min, with work duration explaining 8.0% of the PEF variation (R² = 0.080). Ultimately, longer occupational exposure significantly reduces pulmonary function, underscoring the urgent need for routine respiratory screening and community-based health monitoring for early detection of pulmonary decline in coastal maritime workers.

References

Balestra, C., Mrakic-Sposta, S., & Virgili, F. (2023). Oxygen variations insights into hypoxia, hyperoxia and hyperbaric hyperoxia is the dose the clue? International Journal of molecular sciences, 24(17), 13472. doi:10.3390/ijms241713472

Blanc, P. D., Annesi-Maesano, I., Balmes, J. R., Cummings, K. J., Fishwick, D., Miedinger, D., & Murgia, N. (2022). The occupational burden of nonmalignant respiratory diseases. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 205(11), 1312-1322. doi:10.1164/rccm.202201-0188PP

Blogg, S. L., Tillmans, F., & Lindholm, P. (2023). The risk of decompression illness in breath-hold divers: a systematic review. Diving Hyperb Med, 53(1), 31-41. doi:10.28920/dhm53.1.31-41

CDC. (2023). Smoking and respiratory diseases. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco

Danes, V. R., Sumakud, V. J. R., Rumampuk, J. F., Kaseke, M. M., Fujiyanto, & Pandaleke, H. E. J. (2024). The effects of underwater diving on the lung function of divers in coastal areas of tourism destinations: A cross-sectional study in North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 21(11), 788-794. doi:10.1080/15459624.2024.2398749

Denoble, P. J., Vann, R. D., & Pollock, N. W. (2018). Risks of diving and decompression illness. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 6(6), 470-481. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30074-9

Dong, G., Brenner, R., & Harris, C. (2021). Breath-Hold Diving. In F. Tillmans (Ed.), DAN Annual Diving Report 2020 Edition: A Report on 2018 Diving Fatalities, Injuries, and Incidents. Durham, NC: Divers Alert Network.

Embuai, Y., Denny, H. M., & Setyaningsih, Y. (2020). Analisis Faktor Individu, Pekerjaan dan Perilaku K3 pada Kejadian Penyakit Dekompresi pada Nelayan Penyelam Tradisional di Ambon. Jurnal Penelitian Kesehatan Suara Forikes, 11(1), 6-13. doi:10.33846/sf11102

FAO. (2023). Indonesian Seas Large Marine Ecosystem (ISLME). Retrieved from https://www.fao.org/in-action/indonesian-seas-large-marine-ecosystem/en

FAO. (2024). Small-Scale Fisheries in Indonesia. Retrieved from https://www.fao.org/voluntary-guidelines-small-scale-fisheries/in-action/where-we-work/indonesia/en

Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (5th ed.): Sage Publications.

Fishwick, D., & Barber, C. (2022). Respiratory Disorders. In Textbook of Occupational Medicine Practice (pp. 55): Wiley-Blackwell.

GOLD. (2024). Global Strategy for Prevention, Diagnosis and Management of COPD: 2024 Report: Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease.

Maharja, R., & Ikhsan, N. (2023). Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Gejala Penyakit Dekompresi pada Nelayan Penyelam Ikan. Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Health, 7(2). doi:10.21111/jihoh.v7i2.9827

Maharja, R., Maharja, R., Saputra, E., Panggeleng, A. M. F., & Hermawan, B. (2025). Knowledge-driven risk of diving-induced paralysis: A case-control study among traditional compressor divers in Selayar Regency, Indonesia. Community Research of Epidemiology (CORE), 5(2), 113-121. doi:10.24252/corejournal.v5i2.58603

Mark, L., Garrido, M. A., Nowak, D., Radon, K., & Wengenroth, L. (2021). Lung Function in Traditional Shellfish Divers in Southern Chile—A Cross-Sectional Study. 18(20), 10641.

Miller, M. R., Brusasco, V., Cooper, B. G., Crapo, R., Enright, P. L., van der Grinten, C. P. M., . . . Wanger, J. (2021). Standardisation of spirometry update. European Respiratory Journal, 58(2), 2101234. doi:10.1183/13993003.01234-2021

Mishra, J., Acharya, S., Taksande, A. B., Prasad, R., Munjewar, P. K., Wanjari, M. B., . . . Wanjari, M. J. C. (2023). Occupational risks and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the Indian subcontinent: a critical review. 15(6).

Salik, Y., & Ozcan, A. (2021). Long-term occupational diving exposure and respiratory function decline among professional divers. International Maritime Health, 72(3), 188-194. doi:10.5603/IMH.2021.0034

WHO. (2022). Occupational health: Protecting workers’ health. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/protecting-workers-health

Wolf, M., Brubakk, A. O., Neuman, T. S., & Møllerløkken, A. (2014). Diving medicine: Springer.

Yuliana, Mahmud, N. U., & Sumiaty. (2021). Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kejadian Penyakit Dekompresi pada Nelayan Penyelam Tradisional di Pulau Barrang Lompo. Window of Public Health Journal, 2(4), 648-656. doi:10.33096/woph.v2i4.219

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Published

2026-07-12

How to Cite

Sukmadi, A., & Arwan Arif Rahman. (2026). Occupational Exposure Duration and Declining Peak Expiratory Flow Among Traditional Compressor Divers. JURNAL KEPERAWATAN SUAKA INSAN (JKSI), 11(1), 146–158. https://doi.org/10.51143/jksi.v11i1.1150

Issue

Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): Jurnal Keperawatan Suaka Insan (JKSI)

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Articles

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Copyright (c) 2026 Arfiyan Sukmadi, Arwan Arif Rahman

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References

Balestra, C., Mrakic-Sposta, S., & Virgili, F. (2023). Oxygen variations insights into hypoxia, hyperoxia and hyperbaric hyperoxia is the dose the clue? International Journal of molecular sciences, 24(17), 13472. doi:10.3390/ijms241713472

Blanc, P. D., Annesi-Maesano, I., Balmes, J. R., Cummings, K. J., Fishwick, D., Miedinger, D., & Murgia, N. (2022). The occupational burden of nonmalignant respiratory diseases. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 205(11), 1312-1322. doi:10.1164/rccm.202201-0188PP

Blogg, S. L., Tillmans, F., & Lindholm, P. (2023). The risk of decompression illness in breath-hold divers: a systematic review. Diving Hyperb Med, 53(1), 31-41. doi:10.28920/dhm53.1.31-41

CDC. (2023). Smoking and respiratory diseases. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco

Danes, V. R., Sumakud, V. J. R., Rumampuk, J. F., Kaseke, M. M., Fujiyanto, & Pandaleke, H. E. J. (2024). The effects of underwater diving on the lung function of divers in coastal areas of tourism destinations: A cross-sectional study in North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 21(11), 788-794. doi:10.1080/15459624.2024.2398749

Denoble, P. J., Vann, R. D., & Pollock, N. W. (2018). Risks of diving and decompression illness. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 6(6), 470-481. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30074-9

Dong, G., Brenner, R., & Harris, C. (2021). Breath-Hold Diving. In F. Tillmans (Ed.), DAN Annual Diving Report 2020 Edition: A Report on 2018 Diving Fatalities, Injuries, and Incidents. Durham, NC: Divers Alert Network.

Embuai, Y., Denny, H. M., & Setyaningsih, Y. (2020). Analisis Faktor Individu, Pekerjaan dan Perilaku K3 pada Kejadian Penyakit Dekompresi pada Nelayan Penyelam Tradisional di Ambon. Jurnal Penelitian Kesehatan Suara Forikes, 11(1), 6-13. doi:10.33846/sf11102

FAO. (2023). Indonesian Seas Large Marine Ecosystem (ISLME). Retrieved from https://www.fao.org/in-action/indonesian-seas-large-marine-ecosystem/en

FAO. (2024). Small-Scale Fisheries in Indonesia. Retrieved from https://www.fao.org/voluntary-guidelines-small-scale-fisheries/in-action/where-we-work/indonesia/en

Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (5th ed.): Sage Publications.

Fishwick, D., & Barber, C. (2022). Respiratory Disorders. In Textbook of Occupational Medicine Practice (pp. 55): Wiley-Blackwell.

GOLD. (2024). Global Strategy for Prevention, Diagnosis and Management of COPD: 2024 Report: Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease.

Maharja, R., & Ikhsan, N. (2023). Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Gejala Penyakit Dekompresi pada Nelayan Penyelam Ikan. Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Health, 7(2). doi:10.21111/jihoh.v7i2.9827

Maharja, R., Maharja, R., Saputra, E., Panggeleng, A. M. F., & Hermawan, B. (2025). Knowledge-driven risk of diving-induced paralysis: A case-control study among traditional compressor divers in Selayar Regency, Indonesia. Community Research of Epidemiology (CORE), 5(2), 113-121. doi:10.24252/corejournal.v5i2.58603

Mark, L., Garrido, M. A., Nowak, D., Radon, K., & Wengenroth, L. (2021). Lung Function in Traditional Shellfish Divers in Southern Chile—A Cross-Sectional Study. 18(20), 10641.

Miller, M. R., Brusasco, V., Cooper, B. G., Crapo, R., Enright, P. L., van der Grinten, C. P. M., . . . Wanger, J. (2021). Standardisation of spirometry update. European Respiratory Journal, 58(2), 2101234. doi:10.1183/13993003.01234-2021

Mishra, J., Acharya, S., Taksande, A. B., Prasad, R., Munjewar, P. K., Wanjari, M. B., . . . Wanjari, M. J. C. (2023). Occupational risks and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the Indian subcontinent: a critical review. 15(6).

Salik, Y., & Ozcan, A. (2021). Long-term occupational diving exposure and respiratory function decline among professional divers. International Maritime Health, 72(3), 188-194. doi:10.5603/IMH.2021.0034

WHO. (2022). Occupational health: Protecting workers’ health. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/protecting-workers-health

Wolf, M., Brubakk, A. O., Neuman, T. S., & Møllerløkken, A. (2014). Diving medicine: Springer.

Yuliana, Mahmud, N. U., & Sumiaty. (2021). Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kejadian Penyakit Dekompresi pada Nelayan Penyelam Tradisional di Pulau Barrang Lompo. Window of Public Health Journal, 2(4), 648-656. doi:10.33096/woph.v2i4.219